Chemical Analysis Case Study of Underground Water in Hapur (West)

 

Shiv Kumar Gupta, Anuradha Singh, Babita Kumar, Bharti Sharma*

Sanskar College of Pharmacy and Research, Opp. Jindal Pipes Ltd., NH-24, Ghaziabad (U.P.) 201302 India

*Corresponding Author E-mail:

ABSTRACT:

Underground water contamination is a kind of water pollution or water destruction, in which various contaminants unify together to degrade quality and nature of water. Present scenario most probably support the water contamination by the humans and up to less extent by the natural disasters. The major ions which are responsible to maintain the quality of ground water are carbonate (CO₃^2-) and bicarbonate (HCO₃^-), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO₄^--), Nitrate (NO₃^--), Phosphate (PO₄^3-), and Fluoride (F^-). The above ions are present in the form of anions. These anions are in general maintain by the cations  as  Ca⁺⁺,Cu⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, Na⁺, and K^+.   Among the above briefed ions Ca⁺⁺ and Mg⁺⁺ are the ones which are responsible for the hardness of the water. These are found abundantly in the area, where manufacturing of chalk and limestone works take place. Water's hardness is determined by the concentration of multivalent cations in the water. This hard water if consumed by animals or humans lead to the terrific pathological conditions. Three water samples are collected from different locations of Pilkhuwa, District Hapur near to the location of the industry with limestone works, during summer. The ionic concentrations are expressed in mg/L.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Water is among the most crucial component which is required for the survival of all biotic components. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. The environment in which organism exists a profound effect on behavior of microbes. pH and temperature are the two major abiotics factors governing the growth and activity of microbes. Microbes secrets a number of degrading enzymes to degrade waste and also microbes have the ability to sorption the pollutants like heavy metal¹.

 

Access to safe drinking water has been made by many of the countries but still  approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and millions and billions lack access to adequate sanitation. In turn water of present scenario has lead to various deadly diseases can also be called as water borne diseases .Like for example diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, jaundice, amoebiasis, hepatitis, lead poisoning, polymavirus infection and further still undiscovered diseases are there² Table No. 1 representing some of the substance present in ground water and problems associated with them. Table no. 2 representing the physical and chemical parameters with their permissible limit as per the guideline.

 

 

Table No. 1 List of substances found naturally in some ground waters which can cause problems in operating wells³

 

Table No. 2 Physical and chemical properties of ground water as per IS 10500 : 2012⁴

 

EXPERIMENT:

pH value of river water samples under investigation were measured by using Systronic pH meter, type 335. The pH meter was standardized by buffer solution of pH 4 and pH 9.2. Then total alkalinity of the water samples were determined by titrating with N/50 H₂SO₄ using methyl orange indicator.

 

The Total hardness of the water samples were determined by complexometric titration with EDTA using Eriochrome black T as an external indicator. The cadmium hardness of the water samples were determined by complexometric titration with EDTA using ammonium purpurate as an indicator.

 

The estimation of chloride ion is generally made by titrating the water solution against the standard solution of silver nitrate using potassium chromate as an indicator. Na⁺ and K⁺ were estimated using flame photometer (128). NO₃^-, SO₄^--, F^- were estimated using U.V. Spectrophotometer. TDS is measured by gravimetric method. EC Value under investigation was measured by Systronic E.C. meter.

 

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

The pH of water body indicates deterioration of water quality. pH range of 6.5-8.5 is normally accepted as per the guidelines suggested by WHO. The pH value of water sample in the study area ranged from 9.78-11.28. This shows that the pH of water sample was observed to be highly alkaline. Alkaline water is commonly defined as a beverage that has a value greater than 7 on the pH scale. The desirable limit for total alkalinity is 200 mg/L. Alkalnity of water has lot to do with human health because there are various parts of the body which can properly work when there would be exact maintainence of the alkalinity level required by them. For an instance: Kidney, Gut functions, Cardiovascular dysfunction, Metabolic anbnormalities and others. The value of river water sample varied from 450-490 mg/L⁵.

 

The desirable limit for hardness in drinking water according to I.S. is 300 mg/L, whereas its value in river water sample varies from Ca⁺⁺ hardness value in river water varied strongly from 535 – 570 mg/L.  Excess amount of calcium leads to the problem of hypercalcemia. hardening of the water, exerts acute effect on the iron absorption⁶ .

 

Na⁺ content more than 50 ppm makes the water unsuitable for drinking. The Na⁺ content for all samples was more than expected. Value of Na+ in examined sample was sort out to be 425-510 mg/L. Sodium salts are easily soluble in the water. Their leaching from the terrestrial level to the underground water level is not an tedious change to occur^7-9. Thus this condition of water leads to problem of arterial hypertension^10,11 the rise of  blood pressure in the body¹², causes nausea, convulsions, muscular twitching, problem of dismaintenance of osmotic pressure, embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, reproductive toxicity and others. Thus it causes the condition of hypernatraemia, within the body.

 

Potassium is an essential element for human with the concern for healthy lives and it occurs widely in the environment, including all natural waters. K⁺ value which is an essential nutrient for plant varies from 210 – 220.3 mg/L, which in turn can lead to Hyperkalemia and with this various problems in nerve impulse conduction also persist. The adequate intake for adults (19–>70 years of age is 4.7 g/day (IOM, 2004). This is equivalent to 78 mg/kg body weight per day for a 60 kg adult¹³. There are various problem related to the hyperkaelemia like hypertension¹⁴, diabetes, adrenal insufficiency, immature kidney function, coronary artery disease¹⁴ and other. Infants also have a limited renal reserve and immature kidney function and may therefore be more vulnerable. Accordingly ingestion of potassium supplements of up to 3700 mg/day is likely to be without overt effects¹⁵.

 

The chloride value is also more than the acceptable limit as prescribed by WHO and is greater than 5800 mg/L. Thus enhanced level of chlorine leads to urinary bladder and increased chances of rectal bladder cancer, cancer, heart diseases. It really has a negative cosmetic effect on the body, it robs our skin, robs the moisture and the elasticity of the hair¹⁶.

 

SO₄^-- More than 200 mg/L are objectionable for domestic purpose. The SO₄^--value was also found more than acceptable limit. Its value was found to be280mg/L. Its excess consumption would lead to the cathartic effect on the human body, dehydration, laxative effect and others^17-19.

 

Fluoride is essential for human life. According to WHO 1984 and Indian standard drinking water specification 1991 the maximum permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 ppm. Its highest desirable limit is 1.0 ppm.  Its Low concentration (approximately 0.5 ppm) helps in preventing dental caries .Fluoride concentrations above 1.5 ppm in drinking water cause dental fluorosis and much higher concentration skeletal fluorosis. Its Quantity in the water sample of this area was also found to be excess. The excess  quantity may cause some health problems and even higher concentration may cause skeletal fluorosis. Much percentage of people are under the risk of endemic flourosis. Here, Fluoride in river water is very strong as 1.89-3.5 mg²⁰.

 

Table No. 3 Representing the results for hardness at different locations of Hapur District

S. No.	Parameter	Nizampur	Jindal	Gulaothi
1	Ph	9.84	10.84	11.12
2	Total; Alkalinity	428	450	510
3	Total Hardness	910	540	760
4	Ca++	650	480	590
5	Mg++	818	810	290
6	Na+	78.8	160.8	810.5
7	K+	319.5	330.5	350.2
8	Cl-	740.56	690.65	575.85
9	SO4--	302.1	330	248
10	NO3-	1.9	2.4	4.2
11	F-	1.88	3.8	4.1
12	Total Dissolved Solid	2468	3630	2840
13	Electrical Conductivity	970	990	885

All the values are expressed in mg/ltr. Except pH and EC

 

Total solid is considered to be the sum of dissolved solid and suspended solid in water body which consists of inorganic salts and small amount of organic matter. Increase in suspended solids contains much of the organic matter. Increase in suspended solid tends to increase the pollution. An upper limit 500 ppm has been set in order to control undesirable taste and diarrhoea.

 

CONCLUSION:

In the present study it was found that physico-chemical characteristic of a river water sample cross the maximum permissible limit.

 

Thus it is concluded that, in general, the river water quality was not satisfactory and unsuitable for human consumption and other domestic use. If it would be continued to be used by the people of the area then it can prove fatal for their health. If people of this area remain continued to drink this water then many water borne diseases can take birth in their body result would definitely cross deadline.

 

 

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8.       Department of National Health and Welfare (Canada). Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality. Supporting documentation Ottawa, 1992. 

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14.     CCS The 2002/3 Canadian Cardiovascular Society consensus guideline update for the diagnosis and management of heart failure. Ottawa, Ontario, Canadian Cardiovascular Society. 2003

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16.     http://www.bioray.com/content/Chlorine.

17.     http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/sulfate.pdf

18.     US EPA (1999a) Health effects from exposure to high levels of sulfate in drinking water study. Washington, DC, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water (EPA 815-R-99-001).

19.     US EPA (1999b) Health effects from exposure to high levels of sulfate in drinking water workshop. Washington, DC, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water (EPA 815-R-99-002).

20.     Chinoy JN. Effects of fluoride on physiology of animals and human beings. Indian J Environ Toxico. 1991; 1:17–32.

 

 

 

 

Received on 14.03.2017       Accepted on 16.05.2017     

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